Εξειδίκευση τύπου :	Άρθρο σε επιστημονικό περιοδικό
Τίτλος:	Methods for Determination of the Layer Charge of Smectites: A Critical Assessment of Existing Approaches
Δημιουργός/Συγγραφέας:	Christidis, G. E. [EL] Χρυσικός, Γεώργιος Δ.[EN] Chryssikos, Georgios D. Derkowski, A. Dohrmann, R. Eberl, D. D. Joussein, E. Kaufhold, S.
Ημερομηνία:	2024
Γλώσσα:	Αγγλικά
ISSN:	0009-8604 1552-8367
DOI:	10.1007/s42860-023-00234-8
Περίληψη:	Layer charge is an important property of 2:1 phyllosilicates originating from isomorphic substitutions in the structure, from vacancies in the octahedral sheet and from unsatisfied bonds at the edges of the crystals. It is of particular interest in the case of smectites because it affects important properties of this mineral. Several methods have been proposed for determining the layer charge of smectites, namely the structural formula method (SFM), the alkylammonium method (AAM), the NH4-method, the K-saturation method, and the O-D method. Most of these methods have been used extensively in the past and they all have advantages and shortcomings. The SFM and the AAM are based on different principles and are considered as primary methods. They have been used for a long time but they are time consuming and they provide contrasting layer charge values, with the AAM yielding consistently lower layer charge values than the SFM, especially for low-charge smectites. The remaining methods have been developed more recently and have been calibrated over their primary counterparts. They are applied easily and are capable of producing a large amount of data within a short time. In this sense they can be used both for geological interpretations and for assessment of bentonite deposits at an industrial scale.
Τίτλος πηγής δημοσίευσης:	Clays and Clay Minerals
Τόμος/Κεφάλαιο:	71
Τεύχος:	1
Θεματική Κατηγορία:	[EL] Φυσική και θεωρητική χημεία[EN] Physical and theoretical chemistry
Λέξεις-Κλειδιά:	alkylammonium method K-saturation method layer charge NH4-method O-D method smectite structural formula method
Κάτοχος πνευματικών δικαιωμάτων:	© The Author(s) 2023
Όροι και προϋποθέσεις δικαιωμάτων:	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,provided the original work is properly cited.
Ηλεκτρονική διεύθυνση στον εκδότη (link):	https://doi.org/10.1007/s42860-023-00234-8
Σημειώσεις:	This paper is based on a presentation at The CMS Workshop on bentonites on 23 July 2022 that was held as part of the International Clay Conference 2022 in Istanbul, Turkey. The support of The Clay Minerals Society is gratefully acknowledged.
Εμφανίζεται στις συλλογές:	Ινστιτούτο Θεωρητικής και Φυσικής Χημείας (ΙΘΦΧ) - Επιστημονικό έργο